![]() Nasri S, Sercarz JA, McAlpin T, Berke GS. Reinke's edema: phonatory mechanisms and management strategies. Zeitels SM, Hillman RE, Bunting GW, Vaughn T. Is chronic gastroesophageal reflux a causative factor in glottic carcinoma?. Gastroesophageal reflux and laryngeal disease. Outcomes of antireflux therapy for the treatment of chronic laryngitis. Gastroesophageal reflux as a likely cause of “idiopathic” subglottic stenosis. Jindal JR, Milbrath MM, Shaker R, Hogan WJ, Toohill RJ. Evaluation of gastroesophageal reflux in patients with laryngotracheal stenosis. The diagnosis and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Gastroesophageal reflux, motility disorders, and psychological profiles in the etiology of globus pharyngis. Hill J, Stuart RC, Fung HK, Ng EK, Cheung FM, Chung CS, et al. ![]() Pharyngoesophageal dysmotility in globus sensation. Wilson JA, Pryde A, Piris J, Allan PL, Macintyre CC, Maran AG, et al. The otolaryngologic manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): a clinical investigation of 225 patients using ambulatory 24-hour pH monitoring and an experimental investigation of the role of acid and pepsin in the developement of laryngeal injury. Diagnosis and treatment of voice disorders. Gastroesophageal reflux and voice disorders. Although some evidence suggests that GERD is a cofactor in the development of squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx, research is needed to determine the importance of GERD in the pathogenesis. (The fifth patient was lost to follow-up.) The findings suggest that premalignant lesions may be associated with GERD and may resolve after appropriate antireflux therapy. 10 All patients subsequently underwent antireflux surgery, and the laryngeal abnormalities resolved in three of four patients. In the study mentioned above, five patients with GERD were found to have laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma and underwent either surgical or radiation therapy edema and leukoplakia persisted after treatment. However, in the presence of GERD, leukoplakia is considered to be precancerous. 3, 10, 11 Leukoplakia, defined as the presence of a whitish plaque on a mucosal surface, in itself does not carry any diagnostic implications. GERD has also been implicated in the development of leukoplakia and squamous cell carcinoma of the true vocal cords. Untreated, GERD can lead to chronic laryngitis, dysphonia, chronic sore throat, chronic cough, constant throat clearing, granuloma of the true vocal cords and other problems. Treatment should be initiated with a histamine H 2 receptor blocker or proton pump inhibitor. Erythema of the posterior larynx may be seen, and the true vocal cords may be edematous. Laryngoscopy can confirm the diagnosis of laryngopharyngeal reflux. Thus, a high index of suspicion is required. While the most common head and neck symptom is a globus sensation (a lump in the throat), the head and neck manifestations can be diverse and may be misleading in the initial work-up. An estimated 20 to 60 percent of patients with GERD have head and neck symptoms without any appreciable heartburn. Besides the typical presentation of heartburn and acid regurgitation, either alone or in combination, GERD can cause atypical symptoms. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is the most common esophageal disease.
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